Augustus  (venerable ) Caesar , the first Roman emperor. He was born A.U.C. 691, B.C. 63. His father was Caius Octavius; his mother Atia, daughter of Julia the sister of C. Julius Caesar. He was principally educated by his great-uncle Julius Caesar, and was made his heir. After his murder, the young Octavius, then Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus, […]

Atonement  This word does not occur in the Authorized Version of the New Testament except in Romans 5:11 , where in the Revised Version the word “reconciliation” is used. In the Old Testament it is of frequent occurrence. The meaning of the word is simply at-one-ment, i.e., the state of being at one or being reconciled, so […]

Astronomy  The Hebrews were devout students of the wonders of the starry firmanent ( Amos 5:8 ; Psalms 19 ). In the Book of Job, which is the oldest book of the Bible in all probability, the constellations are distinguished and named. Mention is made of the “morning star” ( Revelation 2:28 ; Compare Isaiah 14:12 ), the “seven stars” and “Pleiades,” “Orion,” […]

Assyria, Asshur, was a great and powerful country lying on the Tigris, ( Genesis 2:14 ) the capital of which was Nineveh. ( Genesis 10:11 ) etc. It derived its name apparently from Asshur, the son of Shem, ( Genesis 10:22 ) who in later times was worshipped by the Assyrians as their chief god. Extent. — The boundaries of Assyria differed […]

Ark  Gold-covered acacia wood box measuring 2.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 cubits that for the Israelite people symbolized the presence of God. It is first mentioned in Exodus 25:10-22 among the furnishings of the tabernacle. The ark’s top cover supported two winged creatures called cherubim. They faced each other across the top of the ark […]

Architecture.  The book of ( Genesis 4:17 Genesis 4:20 Genesis 4:22 ) appears to divide mankind into two great characteristic sections, viz., the “dwellers in tents” and the “dwellers in cities.” To the race of Shem is attributed ( Genesis 10:11 Genesis 10:12 Genesis 10:22 ; 11:2-9 ) the foundation of those cities in the plain of Shinar, Babylon Nineveh and others. The Israelites were […]

ARCHEOLOGY. Archeology, as a branch of historical research, has taken shape over the last cent., and its definition must take account of the widening incidence of its raw material and the sources of its evidence. In the mid-19th cent., when archeology was staging its first triumphs, both the explorer and his public thought of the […]

Apostle APOSTLE ə pŏs’ əl (ἀπόστολος, G693, one sent out). Title of the Twelve and others in the NT. A. Background and usage. 1. Secular Greek. Derived from the verb ἀποστέλλω, G690, to send, it often means a “ship,” “fleet,” “naval expedition” or “naval commander,” but rarely “a person sent.” 2. Old Testament and Judaism. The word apóstolos occurs only in the LXX in 1 Kings […]

APOCRYPHAL NEW TESTAMENT: The collective title given to a number of documents, ranging in date from the early Christian centuries to the Middle Ages and even into modern times, all similar in form to the NT books (gospels, epistles, Acts, apocalypses) but never finally received into the canon of Scripture (for following titles see separate articles). […]

Apocrypha APOCRYPHA (̓Απόκρυφος, hidden). Applied technically to the relationship of certain books to the Heb. Canon. In general it constitutes the excess of the LXX over the Heb. Scriptures, with the material concerned being written during the last two centuries b.c. and the 1st cent. a.d. 1. The concept of the Apocrypha. The word “apocrypha” was used originally as a […]